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-\begin_body - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -% Raised Rule Command: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -% Arg 1 (Optional) - How high to raise the rule -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -% Arg 2 - Thickness of the rule -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -newcommand{ -\backslash -raisedrule}[2][0em]{ -\backslash -leaders -\backslash -hbox{ -\backslash -rule[#1]{1pt}{#2}} -\backslash -hfill} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -begin{textblock*}{ -\backslash -paperwidth}(0mm,40mm) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -begin{center} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -includegraphics[width= -\backslash -paperwidth-400px]{graphics/logo} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -end{center} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -end{textblock*} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -begin{textblock*}{ -\backslash -paperwidth}(21mm,240mm) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -SAE Berlin -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -Student Id: 18128 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -Course: AED412 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -Headinstructor: Boris Kummerer -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -Berlin, Germany 2012 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -end{textblock*} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -author{ -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -by Karl Pannek -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -title{ -\backslash -LARGE{Prototyping a Modular Analog Synthesizer}} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -maketitle{ } -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -pagenumbering{arabic} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -setcounter{page}{2} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -renewcommand -\backslash -contentsname{Table of Contents} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -cfttoctitlefont}{ -\backslash -hfill -\backslash -Large} -\backslash -renewcommand{ -\backslash -cftaftertoctitle}{ -\backslash -hfill} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -renewcommand -\backslash -cftpartdotsep{6.6} -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -renewcommand -\backslash -cftchapdotsep{6.6} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter* -About this paper -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section* -Description -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This paper describes an attempt to design and assemble a basic monophonic - synthesizer prototype consisting of some standard modules that are to be - found in virtually every classical synthesizer device, such as an oscillator, - an envelope, and a filter. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The first sections represent the research on the history and theoretical - background of analog synthesizers in general and modular systems in particular. - These findings are applied to building an experimental device. - First, different circuit concepts will be introduced for each module, so - that the most suitable ones can be identified, whereby comprehensibility - and prices of electronic components play a significant role in the choice - of a circuit design. - The process of building the prototype includes working with an oscilloscope - to examine and verify the shape of various waveforms before and after modulatio -n. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To make it playable with a keyboard, a MIDI input module is added. - It features an Arduino microprocessor to convert digital MIDI messages - into control voltage outputs that other modules can connect to. - It is the only digital component of the synthesizer, while tone generation - and processing are analog. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section* -Motivation and Goal -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The project was inspired by the film -\emph on -moog -\emph default -, a documentary about Dr. - Robert Moog, electronic instrument pioneer and inventor. - Its goal is to attain a better understanding of the working of electronic - components and circuits as well as their influence on audio signals. - Another goal is to create a functional synthesizer that is fun to play - and experiment with and therefore obtain some practical experience in the - field of artificial sound generation. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -History of the synthesizer -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Definition -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A modular analog synthesizer is an electronic instrument, where sound generators -, processors and control facilities are presented as separate independent - entities called modules . - These modules are not wired in a preconceived way, but connected together - with patchchords. - Another essential part of modular synthesis is the concept of control voltage - (short: CV) with which modules may modulate or control the behaviour of - other modules. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Evolution of synthesizers -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Early Development Milestones -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Around 1900 the inventor Thadedeus Cahill initiated a new era of music by - inventing a 200 ton machine known as the Dynamophone or Thelharmonium -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -citetext{ -\backslash -citealp[p.~12]{Humpert1987}} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. - It was an electrical sound generatior, that produced alternating sine wave - currents of different audio frequencies. - A modified electrical dynamo was used in conjunction with several specially - geared shafts and inductors to create the signals. - The Dynamophone could be played with a polyphonic keyboard and featured - special acoustic horns to convert the electrical vibrations into sound. - -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -citetext{ -\backslash -citealp[p.~12]{Manning1985}} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - The timbre of the instrument was shaped from fundamentals and overtones. - This is known as the principle of additive synthesis -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -citetext{ -\backslash -citealp[p.~730]{Bode1984}} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In 1924 Leon Theremin created the Aetherophone, which would later be known - as the Theremin. - Unlike most electric instrument developed around that time, the Theremin - had no keyboard. - It was played merely by hand motion around two capacitive detecors, that - generated electrical fields. - These were affected by the electric capacity of the human body. - One of these detectors was a vertical rod to control dynamics and the other - a horizontal loop to change the pitch -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -citetext{ -\backslash -citealp[p.~12]{Manning1985}} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Electric instruments at that time were developed primarily to imitate and - evolve the sounds of classical instruments and therefore satisfy traditional - ideas of musical writing -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -citetext{ -\backslash -citealp[p.~12]{Manning1985}} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Theremin -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ondes Martenot -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Trautonium -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Hammond -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Melochord -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Elektronische Musik Cologne -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Karlheinz Stockhausen -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Poem Electronique -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -RCA Mark 2 Synthesizer -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Moog Synthesizer -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Invention of the modular synthesizer -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Relevance in today's electronic music -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Theory of analog sound synthesis -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Wave Synthesis -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The process of wave synthesis is called oscillation and can be described - as the creation of a periodic electronic wave, that oscillates between - voltage minima and maxima. - This part is generally known as the oscillator, which creates a basic wave - signal, that can later be processed and modulated in several ways. - Afterwards it is amplified and projected onto a speaker, that converts - the electronic wave into audible sound waves. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The waveform (shape of the wave) determines the overtone structure and therefore - the timbre of this basic sound. - Oscillators often provide several waveforms between which it is possible - to switch or even morph back and forth. - The most established synthesizer waveforms are sine, triangle, saw and - square. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The pitch of the output signal is defined by the frequency that the wave. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Different approaches to oscillation -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Difference between poly and monophonic synthesis (voices, mono: store last - note value) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -trying to get a wide variety of possible base sounds established different - wave types from soft (sine) to fat (saw) to harsh (square) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -square wave pulse width (modulation) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -LFO -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -electronic vibration -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Processing -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Subtractive synthesis - filtering and amplitude subtraction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The modular approach -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Building a concrete prototype -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Voltage Controlled Oscillator -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -monophonic -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Voltage Controlled Filter -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Voltage Controlled Amplifier -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Input and Output -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter -Conclusion -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter* -List of figures -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex -LatexCommand bibtex -bibfiles "synth_bibliography" -options "plainnat" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter* -Declaration of academic honesty -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter* -Appendix -\end_layout - -\end_body -\end_document diff --git a/facharbeit-6-mar.lyx b/facharbeit-6-mar.lyx deleted file mode 100644 index c036711..0000000 Binary files a/facharbeit-6-mar.lyx and /dev/null differ