diff --git a/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/animal-rabbit-extends.svg b/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/animal-rabbit-extends.svg index 080feb5e..b40558d9 100644 --- a/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/animal-rabbit-extends.svg +++ b/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/animal-rabbit-extends.svg @@ -1 +1 @@ -constructor: Animal run: function stop: functionAnimal.prototypeconstructor: Rabbit hide: functionRabbit.prototypeAnimalRabbitnew Rabbit[[Prototype]][[Prototype]]prototypeprototypename: "White Rabbit"constructorconstructor \ No newline at end of file +constructor: Animal run: function stop: functionAnimal.prototypeconstructor: Rabbit hide: functionRabbit.prototypeAnimalRabbitnew Rabbit[[Prototype]][[Prototype]]prototypeprototypename: "White Rabbit"constructorconstructor \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/article.md b/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/article.md index 58245e66..c2de9a51 100644 --- a/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/article.md +++ b/1-js/09-classes/02-class-inheritance/article.md @@ -1,9 +1,13 @@ # Class inheritance -Let's say we have two classes. +Class inheritance is a way for one class to extend another class. -`Animal`: +So we can create new functionality on top of the existing. + +## The "extends" keyword + +Let's say with have class `Animal`: ```js class Animal { @@ -24,52 +28,19 @@ class Animal { let animal = new Animal("My animal"); ``` +Here's how we can represent `animal` object and `Animal` class graphically: + ![](rabbit-animal-independent-animal.svg) +...And we would like to create another `class Rabbit`. -...And `Rabbit`: +As rabbits are animals, `Rabbit` class should be based on `Animal`, have access to animal methods. + +The syntax to extend another class is: `class Child extends Parent`. + +Let's create `class Rabbit` that inherits from `Animal`: ```js -class Rabbit { - constructor(name) { - this.name = name; - } - hide() { - alert(`${this.name} hides!`); - } -} - -let rabbit = new Rabbit("My rabbit"); -``` - -![](rabbit-animal-independent-rabbit.svg) - - -Right now they are fully independent. - -But we'd want `Rabbit` to extend `Animal`. In other words, rabbits should be based on animals, have access to methods of `Animal` and extend them with its own methods. - -To inherit from another class, we should specify `"extends"` and the parent class before the braces `{..}`. - -Here `Rabbit` inherits from `Animal`: - -```js run -class Animal { - constructor(name) { - this.speed = 0; - this.name = name; - } - run(speed) { - this.speed += speed; - alert(`${this.name} runs with speed ${this.speed}.`); - } - stop() { - this.speed = 0; - alert(`${this.name} stands still.`); - } -} - -// Inherit from Animal by specifying "extends Animal" *!* class Rabbit extends Animal { */!* @@ -84,14 +55,12 @@ rabbit.run(5); // White Rabbit runs with speed 5. rabbit.hide(); // White Rabbit hides! ``` -Now the `Rabbit` code became a bit shorter, as it uses `Animal` constructor by default, and it also can `run`, as animals do. +Object of `Rabbit` class have access to both `Rabbit` methods, such as `rabbit.hide()`, and also to `Animal` methods, such as `rabbit.run()`. -Internally, `extends` keyword adds `[[Prototype]]` reference from `Rabbit.prototype` to `Animal.prototype`: +Internally, `extends` keyword works using the good old prototype mechanics. It sets `Rabbit.prototype.[[Prototype]]` to `Animal.prototype`. So, if a method is not found in `Rabbit.prototype`, JavaScript takes it from `Animal.prototype`. ![](animal-rabbit-extends.svg) -So, if a method is not found in `Rabbit.prototype`, JavaScript takes it from `Animal.prototype`. - As we can recall from the chapter , JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance for build-in objects. E.g. `Date.prototype.[[Prototype]]` is `Object.prototype`, so dates have generic object methods. ````smart header="Any expression is allowed after `extends`" @@ -119,19 +88,20 @@ That may be useful for advanced programming patterns when we use functions to ge ## Overriding a method -Now let's move forward and override a method. As of now, `Rabbit` inherits the `stop` method that sets `this.speed = 0` from `Animal`. +Now let's move forward and override a method. By default, all methods that are not specified in `class Rabbit` are taken directly "as is" from `class Animal`. -If we specify our own `stop` in `Rabbit`, then it will be used instead: +But if we specify our own method in `Rabbit`, such as `stop()` then it will be used instead: ```js class Rabbit extends Animal { stop() { - // ...this will be used for rabbit.stop() + // ...now this will be used for rabbit.stop() + // instead of stop() from class Animal } } ``` -...But usually we don't want to totally replace a parent method, but rather to build on top of it to tweak or extend its functionality. We do something in our method, but call the parent method before/after it or in the process. +Usually we don't want to totally replace a parent method, but rather to build on top of it to tweak or extend its functionality. We do something in our method, but call the parent method before/after it or in the process. Classes provide `"super"` keyword for that. diff --git a/figures.sketch b/figures.sketch index 09f3979a..227f969d 100644 Binary files a/figures.sketch and b/figures.sketch differ