# Character classes

Consider a practical task -- we have a phone number `"+7(903)-123-45-67"`, and we need to find all digits in that string. Other characters do not interest us.

A character class is a special notation that matches any symbol from the set.

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For instance, there's a "digit" class. It's written as `\d`. We put it in the pattern, and during the search any digit matches it.

That is: a regexp `pattern:/\d/` looks for a digit:

```js run
let str = "+7(903)-123-45-67";

let reg = /\d/;

alert( str.match(reg) ); // 7
```

The regexp is not global in the example above, so it only looks for the first match.

Let's add the `g` flag to look for all digits:

```js run
let str = "+7(903)-123-45-67";

let reg = /\d/g;

alert( str.match(reg) ); // array of matches: 7,9,0,3,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
```

## Most used classes: \d \s \w

That was a character class for digits. There are other character classes as well.

Most used are:

`\d` ("d" is from "digit")
: A digit: a character from `0` to `9`.

`\s` ("s" is from "space")
: A space symbol: that includes spaces, tabs, newlines.

`\w` ("w" is from "word")
: A "wordly" character: either a letter of English alphabet or a digit or an underscore. Non-english letters (like cyricllic or hindi) do not belong to `\w`.

For instance, `pattern:\d\s\w` means a digit followed by a space character followed by a wordly character, like `"1 Z"`.

A regexp may contain both regular symbols and character classes.

For instance, `pattern:CSS\d` matches a string `match:CSS` with a digit after it:

```js run
let str = "CSS4 is cool";
let reg = /CSS\d/

alert( str.match(reg) ); // CSS4
```

Also we can use many character classes:

```js run
alert( "I love HTML5!".match(/\s\w\w\w\w\d/) ); // 'HTML5'
```

The match (each character class corresponds to one result character):

![](love-html5-classes.png)

## Word boundary: \b

The word boundary `pattern:\b` -- is a special character class.

It does not denote a character, but rather a boundary between characters.

For instance, `pattern:\bJava\b` matches `match:Java` in the string `subject:Hello, Java!`, but not in the script `subject:Hello, JavaScript!`.

```js run
alert( "Hello, Java!".match(/\bJava\b/) ); // Java
alert( "Hello, JavaScript!".match(/\bJava\b/) ); // null
```

The boundary has "zero width" in a sense that usually a character class means a character in the result (like a wordly or a digit), but not in this case.

The boundary is a test.

When regular expression engine is doing the search, it's moving along the string in an attempt to find the match. At each string position it tries to find the pattern.

When the pattern contains `pattern:\b`, it tests that the position in string fits one of the conditions:

- String start, and the first string character is `\w`.
- String end, and the last string character is `\w`.
- Inside the string: from one side is `\w`, from the other side -- not `\w`.

For instance, in the string `subject:Hello, Java!` the following positions match `\b`:

![](hello-java-boundaries.png)

So it matches `pattern:\bHello\b` and `pattern:\bJava\b`, but not `pattern:\bHell\b` (because there's no word boundary after `l`) and not `Java!\b` (because the exclamation sign is not a wordly character, so there's no word boundary after it).

```js run
alert( "Hello, Java!".match(/\bHello\b/) ); // Hello
alert( "Hello, Java!".match(/\Java\b/) );  // Java
alert( "Hello, Java!".match(/\Hell\b/) );  // null
alert( "Hello, Java!".match(/\Java!\b/) ); // null
```

Once again let's note that `pattern:\b` makes the searching engine to test for the boundary, so that `pattern:Java\b` finds `match:Java` only when followed by a word boundary, but it does not add a letter to the result.

Usually we use `\b` to find standalone English words. So that if we want `"Java"` language then `pattern:\bJava\b` finds exactly a standalone word and ignores it when it's a part of `"JavaScript"`.

Another example: a regexp `pattern:\b\d\d\b` looks for standalone two-digit numbers. In other words, it requires that before and after `pattern:\d\d` must be a symbol different from `\w` (or beginning/end of the string).

```js run
alert( "1 23 456 78".match(/\b\d\d\b/g) ); // 23,78
```

```warn header="Word boundary doesn't work for non-English alphabets"
The word boundary check `\b` tests for a boundary between `\w` and something else. But `\w` means an English letter (or a digit or an underscore), so the test won't work for other characters (like cyrillic or hieroglyphs).
```


## Reverse classes

For every character class there exists a "reverse class", denoted with the same letter, but uppercased.

The "reverse" means that it matches all other characters, for instance:

`\D`
: Non-digit: any character except `\d`, for instance a letter.

`\S`
: Non-space: any character except `\s`, for instance a letter.

`\W`
: Non-wordly character: anything but `\w`.

`\B`
: Non-boundary: a test reverse to `\b`.

In the beginning of the chapter we saw how to get all digits from the phone `subject:+7(903)-123-45-67`. Let's get a "pure" phone number from the string:

```js run
let str = "+7(903)-123-45-67";

alert( str.match(/\d/g).join('') ); // 79031234567
```

An alternative way would be to find non-digits and remove them from the string:


```js run
let str = "+7(903)-123-45-67";

alert( str.replace(/\D/g, "") ); // 79031234567
```

## Spaces are regular characters

Please note that regular expressions may include spaces. They are treated like regular characters.  

Usually we pay little attention to spaces. For us strings `subject:1-5` and `subject:1 - 5` are nearly identical.

But if a regexp does not take spaces into account, it won' work.

Let's try to find digits separated by a dash:

```js run
alert( "1 - 5".match(/\d-\d/) ); // null, no match!
```

Here we fix it by adding spaces into the regexp:

```js run
alert( "1 - 5".match(/\d - \d/) ); // 1 - 5, now it works
```

Of course, spaces are needed only if we look for them. Extra spaces (just like any other extra characters) may prevent a match:

```js run
alert( "1-5".match(/\d - \d/) ); // null, because the string 1-5 has no spaces
```

In other words, in a regular expression all characters matter. Spaces too.

## A dot is any character

The dot `"."` is a special character class that matches *any character except a newline*.

For instance:

```js run
alert( "Z".match(/./) ); // Z
```

Or in the middle of a regexp:

```js run
let reg = /CS.4/;

alert( "CSS4".match(reg) ); // CSS4
alert( "CS-4".match(reg) ); // CS-4
alert( "CS 4".match(reg) ); // CS 4 (space is also a character)
```

Please note that the dot means "any character", but not the "absense of a character". There must be a character to match it:

```js run
alert( "CS4".match(/CS.4/) ); // null, no match because there's no character for the dot
```


## Summary

We covered character classes:

- `\d` -- digits.
- `\D` -- non-digits.
- `\s` -- space symbols, tabs, newlines.
- `\S` -- all but `\s`.
- `\w` -- English letters, digits, underscore `'_'`.
- `\W` -- all but `\w`.
- `'.'` -- any character except a newline.

If we want to search for a character that has a special meaning like a backslash or a dot, then we should escape it with a backslash: `pattern:\.`

Please note that a regexp may also contain string special characters such as a newline `\n`. There's no conflict with character classes, because other letters are used for them.