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<html>
<head>
<title>Jasmin Instructions</title>
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
<table ID="Table1">
<tr><td width=550>
<center>
<p><img src=jasmin_icon.jpg></p>
<p>
<div class="h1">JASMIN INSTRUCTIONS</div>
Jonathan Meyer, July 1996
</p>
</center>
<h1>Introduction</h1>
This document shows the syntax and the types of parameters required by
each Java VM instruction in Jasmin. It also shows brief illustrative
examples.<p>
See <a href="guide.html">The Jasmin User Guide</a> for a description
of other aspects of the Jasmin syntax.<p>
<h1>Local variable instructions</h1>
The following instructions use local variables:<p>
<pre>
ret &lt;var-num&gt;
aload &lt;var-num&gt;
astore &lt;var-num&gt;
dload &lt;var-num&gt;
dstore &lt;var-num&gt;
fload &lt;var-num&gt;
fstore &lt;var-num&gt;
iload &lt;var-num&gt;
istore &lt;var-num&gt;
lload &lt;var-num&gt;
lstore &lt;var-num&gt;
</pre>
for example:<p>
<pre>
aload 1 ; push local variable 1 onto the stack
ret 2 ; return to the address held in local variable 2
</pre>
<h1>The bipush, sipush and iinc instructions</h1>
The bipush and sipush instructions take an integer as a
parameter:<p>
<pre>
bipush &lt;int&gt;
sipush &lt;int&gt;
</pre>
for example:<p>
<pre>
bipush 100 ; push 100 onto the stack
</pre>
The iinc instruction takes two integer parameters:<p>
<pre>
iinc &lt;var-num&gt; &lt;amount&gt;
</pre>
for example:<p>
<pre>
iinc 3 -10 ; subtract 10 from local variable 3
</pre>
<h1>Branch instructions</h1>
The following instructions take a label as a parameter:
<pre>
goto &lt;label&gt;
goto_w &lt;label&gt;
if_acmpeq &lt;label&gt;
if_acmpne &lt;label&gt;
if_icmpeq &lt;label&gt;
if_icmpge &lt;label&gt;
if_icmpgt &lt;label&gt;
if_icmple &lt;label&gt;
if_icmplt &lt;label&gt;
if_icmpne &lt;label&gt;
ifeq &lt;label&gt;
ifge &lt;label&gt;
ifgt &lt;label&gt;
ifle &lt;label&gt;
iflt &lt;label&gt;
ifne &lt;label&gt;
ifnonnull &lt;label&gt;
ifnull &lt;label&gt;
jsr &lt;label&gt;
jsr_w &lt;label&gt;
</pre>
For example:<p>
<pre>
Label1:
goto Label1 ; jump to the code at Label1
; (an infinite loop!)
</pre>
<h1>Class and object operations</h1>
The following instructions take a class name
as a parameter:
<pre>
anewarray &lt;class&gt;
checkcast &lt;class&gt;
instanceof &lt;class&gt;
new &lt;class&gt;
</pre>
For example:<p>
<pre>
new java/lang/String ; create a new String object
</pre>
<h1>Method invokation</h1>
The following instructions are used to invoke methods:<p>
<pre>
invokenonvirtual &lt;method-spec&gt;
invokestatic &lt;method-spec&gt;
invokevirtual &lt;method-spec&gt;
</pre>
for example:<p>
<pre>
; invokes java.io.PrintStream.println(String);
invokevirtual java/io/PrintStream/println(Ljava/lang/String;)V
</pre>
A method specification is formed of three parts: the characters before the
last '/' form the class name. The characters between the last '/' and '(' are
the method name. The rest of the string is the descriptor.<p>
<pre>
foo/baz/Myclass/myMethod(Ljava/lang/String;)V
--------------- ---------------------
| -------- |
| | |
class method descriptor
</pre>
A special case is invokeinterface, which takes a &lt;method-spec&gt; and
an integer indicating how many arguments the method takes:<p>
<pre>
invokeinterface &lt;method-spec&gt; &lt;num-args&gt;
</pre>
for example:<p>
<pre>
invokeinterface foo/Baz/myMethod(I)V 1
</pre>
<h1>Field manipulation instructions</h1>
The four instructions getfield, getstatic, putfield and
putstatic have the form:<p>
<pre>
getfield &lt;field-spec&gt; &lt;descriptor&gt;
getstatic &lt;field-spec&gt; &lt;descriptor&gt;
putfield &lt;field-spec&gt; &lt;descriptor&gt;
putstatic &lt;field-spec&gt; &lt;descriptor&gt;
</pre>
for example:
<pre>
; get java.lang.System.out, which is a PrintStream
getstatic java/lang/System/out Ljava/io/PrintStream;
</pre>
&lt;field-spec&gt; is composed of two parts, a classname and a fieldname. The
classname is all of the characters in the &lt;field-spec&gt; up to the last
'/' character, and the fieldname is the rest of the characters after the last
'/'. For example: <p>
<pre>
foo/baz/AnotherClass/anotherFunField
-- class name ------ --field name --
</pre>
&lt;descriptor&gt; is the Java type descriptor of the field.
For example:<p>
<pre>
Ljava/io/PrintStream;
</pre>
<h1>The newarray instruction</h1>
The newarray instruction is followed by the type of the array,<p>
<pre>
newarray &lt;array-type&gt;
</pre>
for example:<p>
<pre>
newarray int
newarray short
newarray float
etc.
</pre>
<h1>The multianewarray instruction</h1>
The multianewarray instruction takes two parameters,
the type descriptor for the array and the number of
dimensions to allocate:<p>
<pre>
multianewarray &lt;array-descriptor&gt; &lt;num-dimensions&gt;
</pre>
for example:<p>
<pre>
multianewarray [[[I 2
</pre>
<h1>The ldc and ldc_w instructions</h1>
The ldc and ldc_w instructions are followed by a constant:<p>
<pre>
ldc &lt;constant&gt;
ldc_w &lt;constant&gt;
</pre>
&lt;constant&gt; is either an integer, a floating point number, or a
quoted string. For example:<p>
<pre>
ldc 1.2 ; push a float
ldc 10 ; push an int
ldc "Hello World" ; push a String
ldc_w 3.141592654 ; push PI as a double
</pre>
<h1>The lookupswitch instruction</h1>
The lookupswitch instruction has the syntax:<p>
<pre>
&lt;lookupswitch&gt; ::=
lookupswitch
&lt;int1&gt; : &lt;label1&gt;
&lt;int2&gt; : &lt;label2&gt;
...
default : &lt;default-label&gt;
</pre>
For example:<p>
<pre>
; If the int on the stack is 3, jump to Label1.
; If it is 5, jump to Label2.
; Otherwise jump to DefaultLabel.
lookupswitch
3 : Label1
5 : Label2
default : DefaultLabel
Label1:
... got 3
Label2:
... got 5
DefaultLabel:
... got something else
</pre>
<h1>The tableswitch instruction</h1>
The tableswitch instruction has the syntax:<p>
<pre>
&lt;tableswitch&gt; ::=
tableswitch &lt;low&gt;
&lt;label1&gt;
&lt;label2&gt;
...
default : &lt;default-label&gt;
</pre>
For example:<p>
<pre>
; If the int on the stack is 0, jump to Label1.
; If it is 1, jump to Label2.
; Otherwise jump to DefaultLabel.
tableswitch 0
Label1
Label2
default : DefaultLabel
Label1:
... got 0
Label2:
... got 1
DefaultLabel:
... got something else
</pre>
<h1>No parameter</h1>
The following instructions (the majority) take no parameters:<p>
<dl><dd>
aaload
aastore
aconst_null
aload_0
aload_1
aload_2
aload_3
areturn
arraylength
astore_0
astore_1
astore_2
astore_3
athrow
baload
bastore
breakpoint
caload
castore
d2f
d2i
d2l
dadd
daload
dastore
dcmpg
dcmpl
dconst_0
dconst_1
ddiv
dload_0
dload_1
dload_2
dload_3
dmul
dneg
drem
dreturn
dstore_0
dstore_1
dstore_2
dstore_3
dsub
dup
dup2
dup2_x1
dup2_x2
dup_x1
dup_x2
f2d
f2i
f2l
fadd
faload
fastore
fcmpg
fcmpl
fconst_0
fconst_1
fconst_2
fdiv
fload_0
fload_1
fload_2
fload_3
fmul
fneg
frem
freturn
fstore_0
fstore_1
fstore_2
fstore_3
fsub
i2d
i2f
i2l
iadd
iaload
iand
iastore
iconst_0
iconst_1
iconst_2
iconst_3
iconst_4
iconst_5
iconst_m1
idiv
iload_0
iload_1
iload_2
iload_3
imul
ineg
int2byte
int2char
int2short
ior
irem
ireturn
ishl
ishr
istore_0
istore_1
istore_2
istore_3
isub
iushr
ixor
l2d
l2f
l2i
ladd
laload
land
lastore
lcmp
lconst_0
lconst_1
ldiv
lload_0
lload_1
lload_2
lload_3
lmul
lneg
lor
lrem
lreturn
lshl
lshr
lstore_0
lstore_1
lstore_2
lstore_3
lsub
lushr
lxor
monitorenter
monitorexit
nop
pop
pop2
return
saload
sastore
swap
</dl>
for example:
<pre>
pop ; remove the top item from the stack
iconst_1 ; push 1 onto the stack
swap ; swap the top two items on the stack
</pre>
<hr><address>Copyright (c) Jonathan Meyer, July 1996</address>
<hr>
<a href="http://mrl.nyu.edu/meyer/jvm/jasmin.html">Jasmin Home</a> |
<a href="http://mrl.nyu.edu/meyer/">Jon Meyer's Home</a>