extended introduction and conclusion

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@ -364,10 +364,26 @@ Preface
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
Motivation
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This paper constitutes an attempt to summarize the most important facts
and information on the topic of analog, modular synthesizers.
The range of discussed subjects involves a series of various perspectives,
including historical, theoretical, electronic and practical viewpoints.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Its goal is to convey an understanding of the inner workings of electronic
synthesizers and their components.
Moreover the reader is guided through the process of creating a small but
functional modular synthesizer setup that is fun to play and experiment
with.
The intention was to investigate the possibilities and limits in designing
and building an analog sound device for someone, who had not been in contact
with analog synthesizers, let alone building electronics devices before.
The project was inspired by the film
\emph on
moog
@ -387,13 +403,7 @@ cite{Fjellestad:movie}
, a documentary about Dr.
Robert Moog, electronic instrument pioneer and inventor.
Its goal is to convey an understanding of the inner workings of electronic
synthesizers and their components.
The reader is guided through the process of creating a small but functional
modular synthesizer setup that is fun to play and experiment with.
The intention was to investigate the possibilities and limits in designing
and building an analog sound device for someone, who had not been in contact
with analog synthesizers, let alone building electronics devices before.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
@ -444,41 +454,6 @@ To make it playable with a keyboard, a MIDI input module is added.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
A Personal Journey
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As a trained programmer and web application developer the field of electronic
engineering always seemed appealing to me.
Hence the assignment for a research paper during the audio engineering
course at SAE Institute seemed like a welcome opportunity to dive into
the realm of building electronic devices in the context of sound generation
and modification.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The process of writing this paper has been an unexpectedly rewarding and
inspiring experience, pushing the boundaries of my own musical and technical
understanding.
Most notably the concepts of free composition - meaning allowing randomness
and therefore putting oneself in the position of reacting to a musical
system, influencing it in terms of tendencies, rather than controlling
it with a predetermed mindset - has been something that really changed
my perseption of musical creativity.
This for me seems much more attainable in the analog world, where electrical
components and signal chains can be brought to their tipping points, resulting
in an unpredictable outcome.
That is where sound exploration begins, which is a totally different experience
than knowing what will happen.
Virtual digital environments, which I was familiar with on the other hand,
generally seem to tend persuade the user to feel in control at all times.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Historic Evolution of the Synthesizer
\end_layout
@ -1200,7 +1175,7 @@ lines 0
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@ -2099,6 +2074,10 @@ name "sub:electronic-filter"
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Passive Filter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Filter circuits are generally based upon the fact that the transfer of alternati
ng currents through a capacitor becomes increasingly weak below a certain
@ -2107,7 +2086,226 @@ ng currents through a capacitor becomes increasingly weak below a certain
If the capacitor is connected to the ground the high frequencies are short
circuited and low frequencies remain in the signal path.
This is referred to as a resistor-capacitor (RC) element.
This simple circuit represents a passive, first-order butterworth filter
with a roll-off of 6 dB per octave.
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The moog filter for example concatenates four of these RC elements in a
row and regulates the resistor values
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cite[p.~57]{Anwander2011}
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\end_inset
To increase the slope of the filter multiple RC elements can be connected
in series
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cite[p.~57]{Anwander2011}
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Nevertheless this poses some disadvantages, because the filter stages influence
each other.
The resistor of the first filter affects the resistance of the second.
This can be dealt with by designing the second filter to have a much higher
impedance.
Unfortunately a high impedance circuit is much more prone to interferences
and signal noise
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cite[p.~97]{Sontheimer2004}
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Active Filter
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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width 5.5cm
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\begin_inset Caption
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Active Sallen-Key low pass filter circuit scheme
\end_layout
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A better and more flexible solution is the usage of an active filter design,
like the Sallen-Key filter.
This is a common second-order filter, which is applicable as a low or high
pass, whereby only resistors and capacitors have to be swapped
\begin_inset ERT
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cite[p.~97]{Sontheimer2004}
\end_layout
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.
Resistor
\begin_inset script superscript
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout
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and capacitor
\begin_inset script superscript
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout
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can be identified to form a low pass section
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cite[Ch.~4B, p.~4]{Hutchins1975}
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To be able to change the cutoff frequency via voltage control the frequency
defining resistor could be replaced with a voltage controlled resistor
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cite[p.~198]{Lancaster1975}
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
@ -2124,6 +2322,13 @@ Building a Modular Synthesizer
\begin_layout Section
Introduction
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:building-introduction"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
@ -2148,7 +2353,6 @@ reference "sub:electronic-filter"
controlling the frequency of an oscillator with 1 volt per octave), the
circuits tend to get exceedingly complex, requiring solid expertise in
electronics.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
@ -2304,9 +2508,22 @@ Power Supply and Case
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For the power unit a universal power supply circuit was chosen from an audio
circuit technology book (Sontheimer, 2004, p.
74) and mounted onto a perf board.
For the power unit a universal power supply circuit was chosen from Robert
Sontheimers audio circuit technology book
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cite[p.~74]{Sontheimer2004}
\end_layout
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.
and mounted onto a perf board.
Instead of the 7815 and 7915 voltage regulator ICs the 7812 and 7912 were
used in order to get a ±12 volt power supply with a center tap for the
ground.
@ -2463,7 +2680,15 @@ BF-22 Filter
\begin_layout Standard
This module is an extended copy of the filter from the legendary Korg MS-20
and is based upon the principle of the sallen and key filter.
and is based upon the principle of the Sallen and Key filter (see chapter
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:electronic-filter"
\end_inset
).
It combines two linkable filter stages in one module.
Each stage features cutoff and frequency knobs, as well as several voltage
control inputs for cutoff frequency and resonance, whereas the cutoff frequency
@ -2479,7 +2704,7 @@ This module is an extended copy of the filter from the legendary Korg MS-20
\begin_layout Standard
When turning resonance up, at one point the filter begins to self-resonate
at the given cutoff frequency, which means that the filter can also be
used as an oscillator.
utilized as an oscillator.
Therefore a volt per octave input for the cutoff control voltage was added,
to be able to control the oscillating frequency in a musical context.
A look at the oscilloscope shows a sine like waveform with few overtones.
@ -2517,23 +2742,116 @@ Output
Conclusion
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
Summary
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This paper constitutes an attempt to summarize what appeared to be the most
important facts and information on the topics of history, theory and electronic
s during the research on analog synthesis.
Of course for all of the discussed could only scratch the surface.
Even only the topic of active filters circuits can (and does) fill entire
books.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Accompanying this research a small synthesizer prototype has been set up,
making use of the knowledge aquired during the research.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
Results
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
As mentioned in chapter
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:building-introduction"
\end_inset
the process of building the prototype had not transpired as initially planned.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
cunstruction results - goals attained.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
what could be done better?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
what could be added, what are the next steps?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
problems of with output knob.
maybe powersupply.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
describe the journey, discribe the difference and natururality of analog
sound as opposed to the digital, which i only knew before.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
tweaking knobs to borders where the outcome is on a threshold resulting
in unpredictable patterns.
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
A Personal Journey
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As a trained programmer and web application developer the field of electronic
engineering always seemed appealing to me.
Hence the assignment for a research paper during the audio engineering
course at SAE Institute seemed like a welcome opportunity to dive into
the realm of building electronic devices in the context of sound generation
and modification.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The process of writing this paper has been an unexpectedly rewarding and
inspiring experience, pushing the boundaries of my own musical and technical
understanding.
Most notably the concepts of free composition - meaning allowing randomness
and therefore putting oneself in the position of reacting to a musical
system, influencing it in terms of tendencies, rather than controlling
it with a predetermed mindset - has been something that really changed
my perseption of musical creativity.
This for me seems much more attainable in the analog world, where electrical
components and signal chains can be brought to their tipping points, resulting
in an unpredictable outcome.
That is where sound exploration begins, which is a totally different experience
than knowing what will happen.
Virtual digital environments, which I was familiar with on the other hand,
generally seem to tend persuade the user to feel in control at all times.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
Thanks
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Thanks to Eddi, Derek, Befaco, Richard, David
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
List of figures
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset FloatList figure
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard

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@ -66,6 +66,15 @@
ADDRESS = {Ithaca, NY},
}
@BOOK{Lancaster1975,
AUTHOR = {Lancaster, Don},
YEAR = {1975},
TITLE = {Active-filter cookbook},
EDITION = {1.},
PUBLISHER = {H. W. Sams},
ADDRESS = {Indianapolis},
}
@article{Bode1984,
title={History of electronic sound modification},
author={Bode, Harald},
@ -113,7 +122,8 @@
author={Hans Fjellestad},
year={2004},
howpublished = "[DVD]",
publisher={Plexifilm}
publisher={Plexifilm},
address={Asheville, North Carolina, USA}
}
article{Vinoski:2007:RE:1304062.1304553,