initial commit
This commit is contained in:
Logsol
parent
964b81ba65
commit
c9d4120384
13 changed files with 6684 additions and 0 deletions
BIN
.DS_Store
vendored
Normal file
BIN
.DS_Store
vendored
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||||
|
This paper describes an attempt to design and assemble a basic monophonic synthesizer prototype consisting of some standard modules that are to be found in virtually every classical synthesizer device, such as an oscillator, an envelope, and a filter.
|
||||||
BIN
facharbeit-10-mar.lyx
Normal file
BIN
facharbeit-10-mar.lyx
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
736
facharbeit-28-feb.lyx
Normal file
736
facharbeit-28-feb.lyx
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
|
||||||
|
#LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
|
||||||
|
\lyxformat 413
|
||||||
|
\begin_document
|
||||||
|
\begin_header
|
||||||
|
\textclass report
|
||||||
|
\begin_preamble
|
||||||
|
\usepackage{tocloft}
|
||||||
|
\usepackage{calc}
|
||||||
|
\usepackage{graphicx}
|
||||||
|
\usepackage[compact]{titlesec}
|
||||||
|
\usepackage[absolute]{textpos}
|
||||||
|
\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\oddsidemargin 0.0in
|
||||||
|
\textwidth 6.2in
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
% CHAPTER TITLE
|
||||||
|
% \titleformat command shape format label sep before after
|
||||||
|
\titleformat
|
||||||
|
{\chapter}
|
||||||
|
[display]
|
||||||
|
{\normalfont}
|
||||||
|
{\LARGE\raggedright\thechapter}
|
||||||
|
{-32pt}
|
||||||
|
{\LARGE\raggedleft}
|
||||||
|
[{\titlerule[1pt]}]
|
||||||
|
\end_preamble
|
||||||
|
\use_default_options true
|
||||||
|
\maintain_unincluded_children false
|
||||||
|
\language english
|
||||||
|
\language_package default
|
||||||
|
\inputencoding auto
|
||||||
|
\fontencoding global
|
||||||
|
\font_roman newcent
|
||||||
|
\font_sans default
|
||||||
|
\font_typewriter default
|
||||||
|
\font_default_family rmdefault
|
||||||
|
\use_non_tex_fonts false
|
||||||
|
\font_sc false
|
||||||
|
\font_osf false
|
||||||
|
\font_sf_scale 100
|
||||||
|
\font_tt_scale 100
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\graphics default
|
||||||
|
\default_output_format default
|
||||||
|
\output_sync 0
|
||||||
|
\bibtex_command default
|
||||||
|
\index_command default
|
||||||
|
\paperfontsize 11
|
||||||
|
\spacing onehalf
|
||||||
|
\use_hyperref false
|
||||||
|
\papersize a4paper
|
||||||
|
\use_geometry true
|
||||||
|
\use_amsmath 1
|
||||||
|
\use_esint 1
|
||||||
|
\use_mhchem 1
|
||||||
|
\use_mathdots 1
|
||||||
|
\cite_engine natbib_authoryear
|
||||||
|
\use_bibtopic false
|
||||||
|
\use_indices false
|
||||||
|
\paperorientation portrait
|
||||||
|
\suppress_date false
|
||||||
|
\use_refstyle 0
|
||||||
|
\index Index
|
||||||
|
\shortcut idx
|
||||||
|
\color #008000
|
||||||
|
\end_index
|
||||||
|
\paperwidth 11in
|
||||||
|
\paperheight 8.5in
|
||||||
|
\leftmargin 0cm
|
||||||
|
\topmargin 0cm
|
||||||
|
\rightmargin 2.5cm
|
||||||
|
\bottommargin 3cm
|
||||||
|
\headsep 1cm
|
||||||
|
\secnumdepth 2
|
||||||
|
\tocdepth 2
|
||||||
|
\paragraph_separation indent
|
||||||
|
\paragraph_indentation default
|
||||||
|
\quotes_language english
|
||||||
|
\papercolumns 1
|
||||||
|
\papersides 1
|
||||||
|
\paperpagestyle empty
|
||||||
|
\tracking_changes false
|
||||||
|
\output_changes false
|
||||||
|
\html_math_output 0
|
||||||
|
\html_css_as_file 0
|
||||||
|
\html_be_strict false
|
||||||
|
\end_header
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_body
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
% Raised Rule Command:
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
% Arg 1 (Optional) - How high to raise the rule
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
% Arg 2 - Thickness of the rule
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
newcommand{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
raisedrule}[2][0em]{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
leaders
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
hbox{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
rule[#1]{1pt}{#2}}
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
hfill}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
begin{textblock*}{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
paperwidth}(0mm,40mm)
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
begin{center}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
includegraphics[width=
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
paperwidth-400px]{graphics/logo}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
end{center}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
end{textblock*}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
begin{textblock*}{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
paperwidth}(21mm,240mm)
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
SAE Berlin
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Student Id: 18128
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Course: AED412
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Headinstructor: Boris Kummerer
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Berlin, Germany 2012
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
end{textblock*}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
author{
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
by Karl Pannek
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
title{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
LARGE{Prototyping a Modular Analog Synthesizer}}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
maketitle{ }
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
pagenumbering{arabic}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
setcounter{page}{2}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
renewcommand
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
contentsname{Table of Contents}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
renewcommand{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
cfttoctitlefont}{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
hfill
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
Large}
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
renewcommand{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
cftaftertoctitle}{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
hfill}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
renewcommand
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
cftpartdotsep{6.6}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
renewcommand
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
cftchapdotsep{6.6}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter*
|
||||||
|
About this paper
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section*
|
||||||
|
Description
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
This paper describes an attempt to design and assemble a basic monophonic
|
||||||
|
synthesizer prototype consisting of some standard modules that are to be
|
||||||
|
found in virtually every classical synthesizer device, such as an oscillator,
|
||||||
|
an envelope, and a filter.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The first sections represent the research on the history and theoretical
|
||||||
|
background of analog synthesizers in general and modular systems in particular.
|
||||||
|
These findings are applied to building an experimental device.
|
||||||
|
First, different circuit concepts will be introduced for each module, so
|
||||||
|
that the most suitable ones can be identified, whereby comprehensibility
|
||||||
|
and prices of electronic components play a significant role in the choice
|
||||||
|
of a circuit design.
|
||||||
|
The process of building the prototype includes working with an oscilloscope
|
||||||
|
to examine and verify the shape of various waveforms before and after modulatio
|
||||||
|
n.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
To make it playable with a keyboard, a MIDI input module is added.
|
||||||
|
It features an Arduino microprocessor to convert digital MIDI messages
|
||||||
|
into control voltage outputs that other modules can connect to.
|
||||||
|
It is the only digital component of the synthesizer, while tone generation
|
||||||
|
and processing are analog.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section*
|
||||||
|
Motivation and Goal
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The project was inspired by the film
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
moog
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
, a documentary about Dr.
|
||||||
|
Robert Moog, electronic instrument pioneer and inventor.
|
||||||
|
Its goal is to attain a better understanding of the working of electronic
|
||||||
|
components and circuits as well as their influence on audio signals.
|
||||||
|
Another goal is to create a functional synthesizer that is fun to play
|
||||||
|
and experiment with and therefore obtain some practical experience in the
|
||||||
|
field of artificial sound generation.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||||||
|
Introduction
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||||||
|
History of the synthesizer
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Definition
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
A modular analog synthesizer is an electronic instrument, where sound generators
|
||||||
|
, processors and control facilities are presented as separate independent
|
||||||
|
entities called modules .
|
||||||
|
These modules are not wired in a preconceived way, but connected together
|
||||||
|
with patchchords.
|
||||||
|
Another essential part of modular synthesis is the concept of control voltage
|
||||||
|
(short: CV) with which modules may modulate or control the behaviour of
|
||||||
|
other modules.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Evolution of synthesizers
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||||||
|
Early Development Milestones
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Around 1900 the inventor Thadedeus Cahill initiated a new era of music by
|
||||||
|
inventing a 200 ton machine known as the Dynamophone or Thelharmonium
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citetext{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citealp[p.~12]{Humpert1987}}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.
|
||||||
|
It was an electrical sound generatior, that produced alternating sine wave
|
||||||
|
currents of different audio frequencies.
|
||||||
|
A modified electrical dynamo was used in conjunction with several specially
|
||||||
|
geared shafts and inductors to create the signals.
|
||||||
|
The Dynamophone could be played with a polyphonic keyboard and featured
|
||||||
|
special acoustic horns to convert the electrical vibrations into sound.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citetext{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citealp[p.~12]{Manning1985}}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The timbre of the instrument was shaped from fundamentals and overtones.
|
||||||
|
This is known as the principle of additive synthesis
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citetext{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citealp[p.~730]{Bode1984}}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
In 1924 Leon Theremin created the Aetherophone, which would later be known
|
||||||
|
as the Theremin.
|
||||||
|
Unlike most electric instrument developed around that time, the Theremin
|
||||||
|
had no keyboard.
|
||||||
|
It was played merely by hand motion around two capacitive detecors, that
|
||||||
|
generated electrical fields.
|
||||||
|
These were affected by the electric capacity of the human body.
|
||||||
|
One of these detectors was a vertical rod to control dynamics and the other
|
||||||
|
a horizontal loop to change the pitch
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citetext{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citealp[p.~12]{Manning1985}}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Note Note
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Electric instruments at that time were developed primarily to imitate and
|
||||||
|
evolve the sounds of classical instruments and therefore satisfy traditional
|
||||||
|
ideas of musical writing
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citetext{
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
citealp[p.~12]{Manning1985}}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Theremin
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Ondes Martenot
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Trautonium
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Hammond
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Melochord
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Elektronische Musik Cologne
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Karlheinz Stockhausen
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Poem Electronique
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
RCA Mark 2 Synthesizer
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Moog Synthesizer
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||||||
|
Invention of the modular synthesizer
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Relevance in today's electronic music
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||||||
|
Theory of analog sound synthesis
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Wave Synthesis
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The process of wave synthesis is called oscillation and can be described
|
||||||
|
as the creation of a periodic electronic wave, that oscillates between
|
||||||
|
voltage minima and maxima.
|
||||||
|
This part is generally known as the oscillator, which creates a basic wave
|
||||||
|
signal, that can later be processed and modulated in several ways.
|
||||||
|
Afterwards it is amplified and projected onto a speaker, that converts
|
||||||
|
the electronic wave into audible sound waves.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The waveform (shape of the wave) determines the overtone structure and therefore
|
||||||
|
the timbre of this basic sound.
|
||||||
|
Oscillators often provide several waveforms between which it is possible
|
||||||
|
to switch or even morph back and forth.
|
||||||
|
The most established synthesizer waveforms are sine, triangle, saw and
|
||||||
|
square.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The pitch of the output signal is defined by the frequency that the wave.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Different approaches to oscillation
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Difference between poly and monophonic synthesis (voices, mono: store last
|
||||||
|
note value)
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
trying to get a wide variety of possible base sounds established different
|
||||||
|
wave types from soft (sine) to fat (saw) to harsh (square)
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
square wave pulse width (modulation)
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
LFO
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
electronic vibration
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Processing
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Subtractive synthesis - filtering and amplitude subtraction
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
The modular approach
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||||||
|
Building a concrete prototype
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
monophonic
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Voltage Controlled Filter
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Voltage Controlled Amplifier
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section
|
||||||
|
Input and Output
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter
|
||||||
|
Conclusion
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter*
|
||||||
|
List of figures
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
|
||||||
|
LatexCommand bibtex
|
||||||
|
bibfiles "synth_bibliography"
|
||||||
|
options "plainnat"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter*
|
||||||
|
Declaration of academic honesty
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Chapter*
|
||||||
|
Appendix
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_body
|
||||||
|
\end_document
|
||||||
BIN
facharbeit-6-mar.lyx
Normal file
BIN
facharbeit-6-mar.lyx
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
facharbeit.lyx
Normal file
BIN
facharbeit.lyx
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
facharbeit.lyx~
Normal file
BIN
facharbeit.lyx~
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
facharbeit.pdf
Normal file
BIN
facharbeit.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
graphics/.DS_Store
vendored
Normal file
BIN
graphics/.DS_Store
vendored
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
5498
graphics/logo.eps
Normal file
5498
graphics/logo.eps
Normal file
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
BIN
graphics/logo.pdf
Normal file
BIN
graphics/logo.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
312
opposition.lyx
Executable file
312
opposition.lyx
Executable file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
|
||||||
|
#LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
|
||||||
|
\lyxformat 413
|
||||||
|
\begin_document
|
||||||
|
\begin_header
|
||||||
|
\textclass article
|
||||||
|
\use_default_options true
|
||||||
|
\maintain_unincluded_children false
|
||||||
|
\language english
|
||||||
|
\language_package default
|
||||||
|
\inputencoding auto
|
||||||
|
\fontencoding global
|
||||||
|
\font_roman default
|
||||||
|
\font_sans default
|
||||||
|
\font_typewriter default
|
||||||
|
\font_default_family default
|
||||||
|
\use_non_tex_fonts false
|
||||||
|
\font_sc false
|
||||||
|
\font_osf false
|
||||||
|
\font_sf_scale 100
|
||||||
|
\font_tt_scale 100
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\graphics default
|
||||||
|
\default_output_format default
|
||||||
|
\output_sync 0
|
||||||
|
\bibtex_command default
|
||||||
|
\index_command default
|
||||||
|
\paperfontsize default
|
||||||
|
\spacing single
|
||||||
|
\use_hyperref false
|
||||||
|
\papersize a4paper
|
||||||
|
\use_geometry true
|
||||||
|
\use_amsmath 1
|
||||||
|
\use_esint 1
|
||||||
|
\use_mhchem 1
|
||||||
|
\use_mathdots 1
|
||||||
|
\cite_engine basic
|
||||||
|
\use_bibtopic false
|
||||||
|
\use_indices false
|
||||||
|
\paperorientation portrait
|
||||||
|
\suppress_date false
|
||||||
|
\use_refstyle 1
|
||||||
|
\index Index
|
||||||
|
\shortcut idx
|
||||||
|
\color #008000
|
||||||
|
\end_index
|
||||||
|
\leftmargin 2.5cm
|
||||||
|
\secnumdepth 3
|
||||||
|
\tocdepth 3
|
||||||
|
\paragraph_separation indent
|
||||||
|
\paragraph_indentation default
|
||||||
|
\quotes_language english
|
||||||
|
\papercolumns 1
|
||||||
|
\papersides 1
|
||||||
|
\paperpagestyle default
|
||||||
|
\tracking_changes false
|
||||||
|
\output_changes false
|
||||||
|
\html_math_output 0
|
||||||
|
\html_css_as_file 0
|
||||||
|
\html_be_strict false
|
||||||
|
\end_header
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_body
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Title
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset ERT
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\backslash
|
||||||
|
Huge{Erlang Embedded Simulation Opposition}
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Author
|
||||||
|
Jonatan Pålsson
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Richard Pannek
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Mattias Pettersson
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Niklas Landin
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Simulating hardware devices in Erlang is a very interesting topic.
|
||||||
|
The concurrent nature of Erlang should allow interesting hardware composed
|
||||||
|
of several systems, such as industrial robots to be simulated.
|
||||||
|
This thesis is valuable for the industry since it is based on an already
|
||||||
|
existing industrial experiment (Erlang Embedded), and it is interesting
|
||||||
|
to see a tool which can so readily be used in the industry to improve the
|
||||||
|
workflow and product quality in the field of embedded devices.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The abstract is clear and concise, it provides the reader with a good overview
|
||||||
|
of the thesis.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section*
|
||||||
|
Unclear points
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
When reading this thesis some questions came to mind:
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
Is there any research suggesting superiority of simulators over real hardware
|
||||||
|
or emulators during the development process?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
It is unclear if actual simulators have been developed, or if a re-playing
|
||||||
|
software has been developed.
|
||||||
|
What makes the software a simulator and not a re-player?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
Is a re-playing software also to be considered a simulator, even though
|
||||||
|
it can only carry out pre-defined sequences of commands?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
It is stated that “recording has a great value for embedded simulation,
|
||||||
|
but also elsewhere”, why is this exactly?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
Which uses are there of recording, precisely?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
Why is recording favoured over emulation, for example? How can recorded
|
||||||
|
data be used for simulation and not only for play-back?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Specifically:
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
4.1: What are “simple stubs” and are they really simulators?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
4.1: Is hand waving the best approach to analysing the quality of the supervisors
|
||||||
|
? Also, what is the “old work flow” in this context?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
4.2: This section states a simulation library and support for creating new
|
||||||
|
simulators.
|
||||||
|
Yet these are not explained like for example the convenience scripts.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
5.2: Exactly how is the quality of the simulators measured? Which metrics
|
||||||
|
are used? Some metrics are presented here, but not motivated, also results
|
||||||
|
are not shown.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
7.1: mentions a generic module to support the development of simulators.
|
||||||
|
Furthermore the section describes some simulators developed using the gen_fsm
|
||||||
|
behaviour.
|
||||||
|
Which additional features are provided by the software described in this
|
||||||
|
thesis, which are not already present in the gen_fsm behaviour?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
According to 7.4, API:s and simulators must be created when they don't already
|
||||||
|
exist, why is this not represented in the first flow chart? Does your applicati
|
||||||
|
on provide any ways to reduce development time of simulators? The quality
|
||||||
|
of a simulator may vary..
|
||||||
|
You created three simple device simulators.
|
||||||
|
How long did it take to create them? Case studies of developing these could
|
||||||
|
motivate the usage of simulators over hardware.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
A future improvement to the project is creating a finite state machine from
|
||||||
|
the log files.
|
||||||
|
It is unclear to us how this improves the system.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Also, there are some factual errors; processes do share data, and data is
|
||||||
|
shared through message passing.
|
||||||
|
Memory is however not shared, perhaps this was what was intended to be
|
||||||
|
written.
|
||||||
|
PIDs can indeed be converted to lists, using the pid_to_list/1 function.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section*
|
||||||
|
Results
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
What are the results from using the software discussed compared to the old
|
||||||
|
technique, of developing straight on the bare metal? Are there any results
|
||||||
|
in the terms of speed, reliability, cost effectiveness, usability (hard
|
||||||
|
to quantify)?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
It would be interesting to see a case study of some software developed using
|
||||||
|
a simulator versus software developed using the actual hardware.
|
||||||
|
In which scenarios are simulators cost effective compared to actual hardware?
|
||||||
|
In which scenarios do simulators speed up the development of software?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Concerning the actual results, the following points remain unclear:
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
How long does it take to upload the code to the hardware and how often is
|
||||||
|
this done during development, on average?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
How long does it take to get to know your system, write the simulators and
|
||||||
|
follow the steps you described? Is the workflow more efficient using your
|
||||||
|
system?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
Did you calculate a difference of time between development on the hardware
|
||||||
|
versus in a simulated environment?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The graphs provided are inconclusive and lack good descriptive texts.
|
||||||
|
It is unclear which metrics are used on each axis, and exactly what is
|
||||||
|
being measured; for instance, what is a
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sample
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The accuracy of the simulators was presented in a graph, and it can be seen
|
||||||
|
from the graph that the accuracy is not 100%.
|
||||||
|
Why is this, and is this not exceptionally alarming for a simulator? Which
|
||||||
|
impacts does this have on the simulation?
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section*
|
||||||
|
Language
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
The language style in the thesis is not formal as it would be expected in
|
||||||
|
an academical paper, such as a bachelor’s thesis.
|
||||||
|
Many subject-verb agreement mistakes have been made which makes it rather
|
||||||
|
hard to follow.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
Some terms could be introduced better; OTP, Beagle Board, Gumstix, Ångström/Angs
|
||||||
|
trom, distro, NAT, OS, Panda Board, VM, stub, public/subscribe, request-response
|
||||||
|
, OS variable and SSH.
|
||||||
|
Erlang is introduced properly, and the same could perhaps be done for these
|
||||||
|
terms as well.
|
||||||
|
The structure of function calls (fun/num of pars) is not obvious to the
|
||||||
|
reader, perhaps it could be explained.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
It is hard to refer to the figures since they are not numbered.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Section*
|
||||||
|
What we would like to see ...
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
It would be interesting to see this system combined with a testing framework,
|
||||||
|
like QuickCheck, in order to create a powerful test suite which generates
|
||||||
|
tests using real data samples.
|
||||||
|
If the data generated by the recorder could be used as input to a testing
|
||||||
|
framework, like QuickCheck, a very powerful and random test suite could
|
||||||
|
be created.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
A graphical user interface could be useful to present the simulators in
|
||||||
|
a more efficient way to the users of the simulator.
|
||||||
|
Providing a framework for creating graphical simulators would be a nice
|
||||||
|
improvement.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_body
|
||||||
|
\end_document
|
||||||
137
synth_bibliography.bib
Normal file
137
synth_bibliography.bib
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||||
|
@BOOK{Anwander2011,
|
||||||
|
AUTHOR = {Anwander, Florian},
|
||||||
|
YEAR = {2011},
|
||||||
|
TITLE = {Synthesizer - So funktioniert elektronische Klangerzeugung},
|
||||||
|
EDITION = {6. Aufl.},
|
||||||
|
ISBN = {978-3-941-53170-3},
|
||||||
|
PUBLISHER = {PPV Medien GmbH},
|
||||||
|
ADDRESS = {Bergkirchen},
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@book{Manning1985,
|
||||||
|
title={Electronic and computer music},
|
||||||
|
author={Manning, P.},
|
||||||
|
isbn={9780193119185},
|
||||||
|
lccn={lc84007618},
|
||||||
|
year={1985},
|
||||||
|
publisher={Clarendon Press},
|
||||||
|
address={Oxford}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@BOOK{Humpert1987,
|
||||||
|
AUTHOR = {Humpert, Hans Ulrich},
|
||||||
|
YEAR = {1987},
|
||||||
|
TITLE = {Elektronische Musik},
|
||||||
|
EDITION = {},
|
||||||
|
ISBN = {978-3-795-71786-5},
|
||||||
|
PUBLISHER = {Schott},
|
||||||
|
ADDRESS = {Wien},
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@BOOK{Ruschkowski1990,
|
||||||
|
AUTHOR = {Ruschkowski, Andre},
|
||||||
|
YEAR = {1990},
|
||||||
|
TITLE = {Soundscapes - elektronische Klangerzeugung und Musik},
|
||||||
|
EDITION = {1. Auflage,},
|
||||||
|
ISBN = {978-3-733-20058-9},
|
||||||
|
PUBLISHER = {Lied der Zeit},
|
||||||
|
ADDRESS = {Berlin},
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@book{Pinch2004,
|
||||||
|
title={Analog days: The invention and impact of the Moog synthesizer},
|
||||||
|
author={Pinch, Trevor J and Trocco, Frank and Pinch, TJ},
|
||||||
|
year={2004},
|
||||||
|
publisher={Harvard University Press},
|
||||||
|
address={Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@book{Friesecke2007,
|
||||||
|
title={Die Audio-Enzyklop{\"a}die: Ein Nachschlagewerk f{\"u}r Tontechniker},
|
||||||
|
author={Friesecke, Andreas},
|
||||||
|
year={2007},
|
||||||
|
publisher={KG Saur Verlag Gmbh \& Company}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@book{Sontheimer2004,
|
||||||
|
title={Audio-Schaltungstechnik},
|
||||||
|
author={Sontheimer, Robert},
|
||||||
|
isbn={9783895761546},
|
||||||
|
year={2004},
|
||||||
|
publisher={Elektor},
|
||||||
|
address = {Aachen}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@BOOK{Hutchins1975,
|
||||||
|
AUTHOR = {Hutchins, Bernie A.},
|
||||||
|
YEAR = {1975},
|
||||||
|
TITLE = {Musical Engineer's Handbook - Musical Engineering for Electronic Music},
|
||||||
|
EDITION = {first},
|
||||||
|
ISBN = {},
|
||||||
|
PUBLISHER = {Electronotes},
|
||||||
|
ADDRESS = {Ithaca, NY},
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@article{Bode1984,
|
||||||
|
title={History of electronic sound modification},
|
||||||
|
author={Bode, Harald},
|
||||||
|
journal={Journal of the Audio Engineering Society},
|
||||||
|
volume={32},
|
||||||
|
number={10},
|
||||||
|
pages={736--9},
|
||||||
|
year={1984}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@article{Dunn1992,
|
||||||
|
title={A History of Electronic Music Pioneers},
|
||||||
|
author={Dunn, David},
|
||||||
|
journal={ders.(Hrsg.), Eigenwelt der Apparate-Welt.(Katalog), Linz},
|
||||||
|
pages={21--62},
|
||||||
|
year={1992}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@MISC{Burns:website,
|
||||||
|
AUTHOR = "Dr. Kristine H. Burns",
|
||||||
|
TITLE = "History of Electronic Music",
|
||||||
|
MONTH = "February",
|
||||||
|
YEAR = {2013},
|
||||||
|
URL = "http://www.djmaquiavelo.com/History.html"
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
article{Vinoski:2007:RE:1304062.1304553,
|
||||||
|
author = {Vinoski, Steve},
|
||||||
|
title = {Reliability with Erlang},
|
||||||
|
journal = {IEEE Internet Computing},
|
||||||
|
volume = {11},
|
||||||
|
issue = {6},
|
||||||
|
month = {November},
|
||||||
|
year = {2007},
|
||||||
|
issn = {1089-7801},
|
||||||
|
pages = {79--81},
|
||||||
|
numpages = {3},
|
||||||
|
url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1304062.1304553},
|
||||||
|
doi = {10.1109/MIC.2007.132},
|
||||||
|
acmid = {1304553},
|
||||||
|
publisher = {IEEE Educational Activities Department},
|
||||||
|
address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
|
||||||
|
keywords = {toward integration, Erlang, programming language, middleware, telecommunications, reliability, enterprise-integration},
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
misc{armstrong2011,
|
||||||
|
author = {Joe Armstrong},
|
||||||
|
title = {If Erlang is the answer, then what is the question?},
|
||||||
|
year = {2011},
|
||||||
|
address = {IT University, Gothenburg},
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
phdthesis{Agha:1985:AMC:912083,
|
||||||
|
author = {Agha, Gul Abdulnabi},
|
||||||
|
title = {Actors: a model of concurrent computation in distributed systems (parallel processing, semantics, open, programming languages, artificial intelligence)},
|
||||||
|
year = {1985},
|
||||||
|
note = {AAI8520855},
|
||||||
|
publisher = {University of Michigan},
|
||||||
|
address = {Ann Arbor, MI, USA},
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue