fixes #1669
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5 changed files with 19 additions and 20 deletions
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# Rest parameters and spread operator
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# Rest parameters and spread syntax
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Many JavaScript built-in functions support an arbitrary number of arguments.
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@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ As we remember, arrow functions don't have their own `this`. Now we know they do
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````
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## Spread operator [#spread-operator]
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## Spread syntax [#spread-syntax]
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We've just seen how to get an array from the list of parameters.
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@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ alert( Math.max(arr) ); // NaN
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And surely we can't manually list items in the code `Math.max(arr[0], arr[1], arr[2])`, because we may be unsure how many there are. As our script executes, there could be a lot, or there could be none. And that would get ugly.
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*Spread operator* to the rescue! It looks similar to rest parameters, also using `...`, but does quite the opposite.
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*Spread syntax* to the rescue! It looks similar to rest parameters, also using `...`, but does quite the opposite.
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When `...arr` is used in the function call, it "expands" an iterable object `arr` into the list of arguments.
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@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ let arr2 = [8, 3, -8, 1];
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alert( Math.max(...arr1, ...arr2) ); // 8
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```
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We can even combine the spread operator with normal values:
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We can even combine the spread syntax with normal values:
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```js run
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@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ let arr2 = [8, 3, -8, 1];
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alert( Math.max(1, ...arr1, 2, ...arr2, 25) ); // 25
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```
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Also, the spread operator can be used to merge arrays:
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Also, the spread syntax can be used to merge arrays:
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```js run
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let arr = [3, 5, 1];
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@ -192,9 +192,9 @@ let merged = [0, ...arr, 2, ...arr2];
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alert(merged); // 0,3,5,1,2,8,9,15 (0, then arr, then 2, then arr2)
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```
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In the examples above we used an array to demonstrate the spread operator, but any iterable will do.
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In the examples above we used an array to demonstrate the spread syntax, but any iterable will do.
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For instance, here we use the spread operator to turn the string into array of characters:
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For instance, here we use the spread syntax to turn the string into array of characters:
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```js run
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let str = "Hello";
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@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ let str = "Hello";
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alert( [...str] ); // H,e,l,l,o
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```
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The spread operator internally uses iterators to gather elements, the same way as `for..of` does.
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The spread syntax internally uses iterators to gather elements, the same way as `for..of` does.
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So, for a string, `for..of` returns characters and `...str` becomes `"H","e","l","l","o"`. The list of characters is passed to array initializer `[...str]`.
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@ -220,24 +220,24 @@ The result is the same as `[...str]`.
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But there's a subtle difference between `Array.from(obj)` and `[...obj]`:
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- `Array.from` operates on both array-likes and iterables.
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- The spread operator operates only on iterables.
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- The spread syntax works only with iterables.
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So, for the task of turning something into an array, `Array.from` tends to be more universal.
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## Summary
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When we see `"..."` in the code, it is either rest parameters or the spread operator.
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When we see `"..."` in the code, it is either rest parameters or the spread syntax.
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There's an easy way to distinguish between them:
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- When `...` is at the end of function parameters, it's "rest parameters" and gathers the rest of the list of arguments into an array.
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- When `...` occurs in a function call or alike, it's called a "spread operator" and expands an array into a list.
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- When `...` occurs in a function call or alike, it's called a "spread syntax" and expands an array into a list.
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Use patterns:
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- Rest parameters are used to create functions that accept any number of arguments.
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- The spread operator is used to pass an array to functions that normally require a list of many arguments.
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- The spread syntax is used to pass an array to functions that normally require a list of many arguments.
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Together they help to travel between a list and an array of parameters with ease.
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@ -299,13 +299,13 @@ The only syntax difference between `call` and `apply` is that `call` expects a l
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So these two calls are almost equivalent:
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```js
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func.call(context, ...args); // pass an array as list with spread operator
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func.call(context, ...args); // pass an array as list with spread syntax
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func.apply(context, args); // is same as using apply
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```
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There's only a minor difference:
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- The spread operator `...` allows to pass *iterable* `args` as the list to `call`.
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- The spread syntax `...` allows to pass *iterable* `args` as the list to `call`.
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- The `apply` accepts only *array-like* `args`.
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So, these calls complement each other. Where we expect an iterable, `call` works, where we expect an array-like, `apply` works.
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@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ The result of `partial(func[, arg1, arg2...])` call is a wrapper `(*)` that call
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- Then gives it `...argsBound` -- arguments from the `partial` call (`"10:00"`)
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- Then gives it `...args` -- arguments given to the wrapper (`"Hello"`)
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So easy to do it with the spread operator, right?
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So easy to do it with the spread syntax, right?
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Also there's a ready [_.partial](https://lodash.com/docs#partial) implementation from lodash library.
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@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ for(let value of generator) {
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}
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```
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As generators are iterable, we can call all related functionality, e.g. the spread operator `...`:
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As generators are iterable, we can call all related functionality, e.g. the spread syntax `...`:
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```js run
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function* generateSequence() {
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@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ let sequence = [0, ...generateSequence()];
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alert(sequence); // 0, 1, 2, 3
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```
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In the code above, `...generateSequence()` turns the iterable generator object into an array of items (read more about the spread operator in the chapter [](info:rest-parameters-spread-operator#spread-operator))
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In the code above, `...generateSequence()` turns the iterable generator object into an array of items (read more about the spread syntax in the chapter [](info:rest-parameters-spread#spread-syntax))
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## Using generators for iterables
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@ -120,11 +120,10 @@ Here's a small cheatsheet:
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| `next()` return value is | any value | `Promise` |
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| to loop, use | `for..of` | `for await..of` |
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````warn header="The spread operator `...` doesn't work asynchronously"
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````warn header="The spread syntax `...` doesn't work asynchronously"
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Features that require regular, synchronous iterators, don't work with asynchronous ones.
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For instance, a spread operator won't work:
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For instance, a spread syntax won't work:
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```js
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alert( [...range] ); // Error, no Symbol.iterator
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```
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