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# Escaping, special characters
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As we've seen, a backslash `"\"` is used to denote character classes. So it's a special character in regexps (just like in a regular string).
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As we've seen, a backslash `pattern:\` is used to denote character classes, e.g. `pattern:\d`. So it's a special character in regexps (just like in regular strings).
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There are other special characters as well, that have special meaning in a regexp. They are used to do more powerful searches. Here's a full list of them: `pattern:[ \ ^ $ . | ? * + ( )`.
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Don't try to remember the list -- soon we'll deal with each of them separately a
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## Escaping
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Let's say we want to find a dot literally. Not "any character", but just a dot.
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Let's say we want to find literally a dot. Not "any character", but just a dot.
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To use a special character as a regular one, prepend it with a backslash: `pattern:\.`.
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alert( "/".match(/\//) ); // '/'
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```
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On the other hand, if we're not using `/.../`, but create a regexp using `new RegExp`, then we don't need to escape it:
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On the other hand, if we're not using `pattern:/.../`, but create a regexp using `new RegExp`, then we don't need to escape it:
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```js run
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alert( "/".match(new RegExp("/")) ); // '/'
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```
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alert( "/".match(new RegExp("/")) ); // finds /
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```
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## new RegExp
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@ -61,25 +61,25 @@ let reg = new RegExp("\d\.\d");
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alert( "Chapter 5.1".match(reg) ); // null
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```
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The search worked with `pattern:/\d\.\d/`, but with `new RegExp("\d\.\d")` it doesn't work, why?
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The similar search in one of previous examples worked with `pattern:/\d\.\d/`, but `new RegExp("\d\.\d")` doesn't work, why?
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The reason is that backslashes are "consumed" by a string. Remember, regular strings have their own special characters like `\n`, and a backslash is used for escaping.
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The reason is that backslashes are "consumed" by a string. As we may recall, regular strings have their own special characters, such as `\n`, and a backslash is used for escaping.
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Please, take a look, what "\d\.\d" really is:
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Here's how "\d\.\d" is preceived:
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```js run
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alert("\d\.\d"); // d.d
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```
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The quotes "consume" backslashes and interpret them, for instance:
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String quotes "consume" backslashes and interpret them on their own, for instance:
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- `\n` -- becomes a newline character,
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- `\u1234` -- becomes the Unicode character with such code,
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- ...And when there's no special meaning: like `pattern:\d` or `\z`, then the backslash is simply removed.
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So the call to `new RegExp` gets a string without backslashes. That's why the search doesn't work!
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So `new RegExp` gets a string without backslashes. That's why the search doesn't work!
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To fix it, we need to double backslashes, because quotes turn `\\` into `\`:
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To fix it, we need to double backslashes, because string quotes turn `\\` into `\`:
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```js run
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*!*
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## Summary
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- To search special characters `pattern:[ \ ^ $ . | ? * + ( )` literally, we need to prepend them with `\` ("escape them").
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- To search for special characters `pattern:[ \ ^ $ . | ? * + ( )` literally, we need to prepend them with a backslash `\` ("escape them").
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- We also need to escape `/` if we're inside `pattern:/.../` (but not inside `new RegExp`).
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- When passing a string `new RegExp`, we need to double backslashes `\\`, cause strings consume one of them.
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- When passing a string `new RegExp`, we need to double backslashes `\\`, cause string quotes consume one of them.
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