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SAE Berlin
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Student Id: 18128
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Course: AED412
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Headinstructor: Boris Kummerer
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Berlin, Germany 2012
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by Karl Pannek
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title{
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LARGE{Prototyping a Modular Analog Synthesizer}}
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\begin_layout Chapter*
About this paper
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Description
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This paper describes an attempt to design and assemble a basic monophonic
synthesizer prototype consisting of some standard modules that are to be
found in virtually every classical synthesizer device, such as an oscillator,
an envelope, and a filter.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The first sections represent the research on the history and theoretical
background of analog synthesizers in general and modular systems in particular.
These findings are applied to building an experimental device.
First, different circuit concepts will be introduced for each module, so
that the most suitable ones can be identified, whereby comprehensibility
and prices of electronic components play a significant role in the choice
of a circuit design.
The process of building the prototype includes working with an oscilloscope
to examine and verify the shape of various waveforms before and after modulatio
n.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To make it playable with a keyboard, a MIDI input module is added.
It features an Arduino microprocessor to convert digital MIDI messages
into control voltage outputs that other modules can connect to.
It is the only digital component of the synthesizer, while tone generation
and processing are analog.
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\begin_layout Section*
Motivation and Goal
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The project was inspired by the film
\emph on
moog
\emph default
, a documentary about Dr.
Robert Moog, electronic instrument pioneer and inventor.
Its goal is to attain a better understanding of the working of electronic
components and circuits as well as their influence on audio signals.
Another goal is to create a functional synthesizer that is fun to play
and experiment with and therefore obtain some practical experience in the
field of artificial sound generation.
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\begin_layout Chapter
Introduction
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\begin_layout Chapter
History of the synthesizer
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\begin_layout Section
Definition
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A modular analog synthesizer is an electronic instrument, where sound generators
, processors and control facilities are presented as separate independent
entities called modules .
These modules are not wired in a preconceived way, but connected together
with patchchords.
Another essential part of modular synthesis is the concept of control voltage
(short: CV) with which modules may modulate or control the behaviour of
other modules.
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\begin_layout Section
Evolution of synthesizers
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Early Development Milestones
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Around 1900 the inventor Thadedeus Cahill initiated a new era of music by
inventing a 200 ton machine known as the Dynamophone or Thelharmonium
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.
It was an electrical sound generatior, that produced alternating sine wave
currents of different audio frequencies.
A modified electrical dynamo was used in conjunction with several specially
geared shafts and inductors to create the signals.
The Dynamophone could be played with a polyphonic keyboard and featured
special acoustic horns to convert the electrical vibrations into sound.
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citetext{
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citealp[p.~12]{Manning1985}}
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The timbre of the instrument was shaped from fundamentals and overtones.
This is known as the principle of additive synthesis
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citetext{
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citealp[p.~730]{Bode1984}}
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.
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In 1924 Leon Theremin created the Aetherophone, which would later be known
as the Theremin.
Unlike most electric instrument developed around that time, the Theremin
had no keyboard.
It was played merely by hand motion around two capacitive detecors, that
generated electrical fields.
These were affected by the electric capacity of the human body.
One of these detectors was a vertical rod to control dynamics and the other
a horizontal loop to change the pitch
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Electric instruments at that time were developed primarily to imitate and
evolve the sounds of classical instruments and therefore satisfy traditional
ideas of musical writing
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Theremin
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Ondes Martenot
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Trautonium
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Hammond
\end_layout
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Melochord
\end_layout
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Elektronische Musik Cologne
\end_layout
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Karlheinz Stockhausen
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Poem Electronique
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RCA Mark 2 Synthesizer
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Moog Synthesizer
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\begin_layout Subsection
Invention of the modular synthesizer
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\begin_layout Section
Relevance in today's electronic music
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\begin_layout Chapter
Theory of analog sound synthesis
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\begin_layout Section
Wave Synthesis
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The process of wave synthesis is called oscillation and can be described
as the creation of a periodic electronic wave, that oscillates between
voltage minima and maxima.
This part is generally known as the oscillator, which creates a basic wave
signal, that can later be processed and modulated in several ways.
Afterwards it is amplified and projected onto a speaker, that converts
the electronic wave into audible sound waves.
\end_layout
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The waveform (shape of the wave) determines the overtone structure and therefore
the timbre of this basic sound.
Oscillators often provide several waveforms between which it is possible
to switch or even morph back and forth.
The most established synthesizer waveforms are sine, triangle, saw and
square.
\end_layout
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The pitch of the output signal is defined by the frequency that the wave.
\end_layout
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Different approaches to oscillation
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\begin_layout Standard
Difference between poly and monophonic synthesis (voices, mono: store last
note value)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
trying to get a wide variety of possible base sounds established different
wave types from soft (sine) to fat (saw) to harsh (square)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
square wave pulse width (modulation)
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LFO
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\begin_layout Standard
electronic vibration
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\begin_layout Section
Processing
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Subtractive synthesis - filtering and amplitude subtraction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
The modular approach
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\begin_layout Chapter
Building a concrete prototype
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\begin_layout Section
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
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\begin_layout Standard
monophonic
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\begin_layout Section
Voltage Controlled Filter
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\begin_layout Section
Voltage Controlled Amplifier
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\begin_layout Section
Input and Output
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\begin_layout Chapter
Conclusion
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\begin_layout Chapter*
List of figures
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
LatexCommand bibtex
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\begin_layout Chapter*
Declaration of academic honesty
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter*
Appendix
\end_layout
\end_body
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