368 lines
8.5 KiB
Markdown
368 lines
8.5 KiB
Markdown
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# Class basic syntax
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```quote author="Wikipedia"
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In object-oriented programming, a *class* is an extensible program-code-template for creating objects, providing initial values for state (member variables) and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods).
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```
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In practice, we often need to create many objects of the same kind, like users, or goods or whatever.
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As we already know from the chapter <info:constructor-new>, `new function` can help with that.
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But in the modern JavaScript, there's a more advanced "class" construct, that introduces great new features which are useful for object-oriented programming.
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## The "class" syntax
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The basic syntax is:
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```js
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class MyClass {
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// class methods
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constructor() { ... }
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method1() { ... }
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method2() { ... }
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method3() { ... }
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...
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}
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```
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Then `new MyClass()` creates a new object with all the listed methods.
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The `constructor()` method is called automatically by `new`, so we can initialize the object there.
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For example:
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```js run
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class User {
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constructor(name) {
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this.name = name;
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}
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sayHi() {
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alert(this.name);
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}
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}
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// Usage:
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let user = new User("John");
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user.sayHi();
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```
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When `new User("John")` is called:
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1. A new object is created.
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2. The `constructor` runs with the given argument and assigns `this.name` to it.
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...Then we can call methods, such as `user.sayHi`.
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```warn header="No comma between class methods"
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A common pitfall for novice developers is to put a comma between class methods, which would result in a syntax error.
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The notation here is not to be confused with object literals. Within the class, no commas are required.
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```
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## What is a class?
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So, what exactly is a `class`? That's not an entirely new language-level entity, as one might think.
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Let's unveil any magic and see what a class really is. That'll help in understanding many complex aspects.
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In Javascript, a class is a kind of a function.
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Here, take a look:
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```js run
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class User {
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constructor(name) { this.name = name; }
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sayHi() { alert(this.name); }
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}
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// proof: User is a function
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*!*
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alert(typeof User); // function
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*/!*
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```
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What `class User {...}` construct really does is:
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1. Creates a function named `User`, that becomes the result of the class declaration.
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- The function code is taken from the `constructor` method (assumed empty is we don't write such method).
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3. Stores all methods, such as `sayHi`, in `User.prototype`.
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Afterwards, for new objects, when we call a method, it's taken from the prototype, just as described in the chapter <info:function-prototype>. So `new User` object has access to class methods.
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We can illustrate the result of `class User` as:
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Here's the code to introspect it:
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```js run
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class User {
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constructor(name) { this.name = name; }
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sayHi() { alert(this.name); }
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}
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// class is a function
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alert(typeof User); // function
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// ...or, more precisely, the constructor method
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alert(User === User.prototype.constructor); // true
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// The methods are in User.prototype, e.g:
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alert(User.prototype.sayHi); // alert(this.name);
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// there are exactly two methods in the prototype
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alert(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(User.prototype)); // constructor, sayHi
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```
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## Not just a syntax sugar
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Sometimes people say that `class` is a "syntax sugar" in JavaScript, because we could actually declare the same without `class` keyword at all:
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```js run
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// rewriting class User in pure functions
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// 1. Create constructor function
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function User(name) {
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this.name = name;
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}
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// any function prototype has constructor property by default,
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// so we don't need to create it
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// 2. Add the method to prototype
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User.prototype.sayHi = function() {
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alert(this.name);
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};
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// Usage:
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let user = new User("John");
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user.sayHi();
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```
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The result of this definition is about the same. So, there are indeed reasons why `class` can be considered a syntax sugar to define a constructor together with its prototype methods.
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Although, there are important differences.
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1. First, a function created by `class` is labelled by a special internal property `[[FunctionKind]]:"classConstructor"`. So it's not entirely the same as creating it manually.
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Unlike a regular function, a class constructor can't be called without `new`:
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```js run
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class User {
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constructor() {}
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}
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alert(typeof User); // function
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User(); // Error: Class constructor User cannot be invoked without 'new'
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```
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Also, a string representation of a class constructor in most JavaScript engines starts with the "class..."
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```js run
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class User {
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constructor() {}
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}
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alert(User); // class User { ... }
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```
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2. Class methods are non-enumerable
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A class definition sets `enumerable` flag to `false` for all methods in the `"prototype"`.
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That's good, because if we `for..in` over an object, we usually don't want its class methods.
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3. Classes always `use strict`
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All code inside the class construct is automatically in strict mode.
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Also, in addition to its basic operation, the `class` syntax brings many other features with it which we'll explore later.
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## Class Expression
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Just like functions, classes can be defined inside another expression, passed around, returned, assigned etc.
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Here's an example of a class expression:
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```js
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let User = class {
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sayHi() {
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alert("Hello");
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}
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};
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```
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Similar to Named Function Expressions, class expressions may or may not have a name.
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If a class expression has a name, it's visible inside the class only:
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```js run
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// "Named Class Expression" (alas, no such term, but that's what's going on)
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let User = class *!*MyClass*/!* {
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sayHi() {
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alert(MyClass); // MyClass is visible only inside the class
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}
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};
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new User().sayHi(); // works, shows MyClass definition
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alert(MyClass); // error, MyClass not visible outside of the class
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```
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We can even make classes dynamically "on-demand", like this:
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```js run
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function makeClass(phrase) {
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// declare a class and return it
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return class {
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sayHi() {
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alert(phrase);
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};
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};
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}
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// Create a new class
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let User = makeClass("Hello");
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new User().sayHi(); // Hello
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```
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## Getters/setters, other shorthands
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Classes also include getters/setters, generators, computed properties etc.
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Here's an example for `user.name` implemented using `get/set`:
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```js run
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class User {
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constructor(name) {
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// invokes the setter
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this._name = name;
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}
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*!*
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get name() {
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*/!*
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return this._name;
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}
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*!*
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set name(value) {
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*/!*
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if (value.length < 4) {
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alert("Name is too short.");
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return;
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}
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this._name = value;
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}
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}
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let user = new User("John");
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alert(user.name); // John
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user = new User(""); // Name too short.
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```
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Internally, getters and setters are created on `User.prototype`, like this:
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```js
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Object.defineProperties(User.prototype, {
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name: {
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get() {
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return this._name
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},
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set(name) {
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// ...
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}
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}
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});
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```
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Here's an example with computed properties:
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```js run
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function f() { return "sayHi"; }
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class User {
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[f()]() {
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alert("Hello");
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}
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}
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new User().sayHi();
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```
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For a generator method, similarly, prepend it with `*`.
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## Class properties
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```warn header="Old browsers may need a polyfill"
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Class-level properties are a recent addition to the language.
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```
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In the example above, `User` only had methods. Let's add a property:
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```js run
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class User {
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name = "Anonymous";
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sayHi() {
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alert(`Hello, ${this.name}!`);
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}
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}
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new User().sayHi();
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```
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The property is not placed into `User.prototype`. Instead, it is created by `new`, separately for every object. So, the property will never be shared between different objects of the same class.
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## Summary
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JavaScript provides many ways to create a class.
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First, as per the general object-oriented terminology, a class is something that provides "object templates", allows to create same-structured objects.
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When we say "a class", that doesn't necessary means the `class` keyword.
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This is a class:
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```js
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function User(name) {
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this.sayHi = function() {
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alert(name);
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}
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}
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```
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...But in most cases `class` keyword is used, as it provides great syntax and many additional features.
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The basic class syntax looks like this:
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```js
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class MyClass {
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prop = value; // field
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constructor(...) { // constructor
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// ...
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}
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method(...) {} // method
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get something(...) {} // getter method
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set something(...) {} // setter method
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[Symbol.iterator]() {} // method with computed name/symbol name
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// ...
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}
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```
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`MyClass` is technically a function, while methods are written to `MyClass.prototype`.
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In the next chapters we'll learn more about classes, including inheritance and other features.
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